Social/community/interaction/communication (Are we talking about social capital here?)

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Using it for connecting, social needs, sharing VERY consistent in the literature and from participants that the main purpose of social networking is to communicate with friends and family from the learners, we learned that social networking (Facebook) is used by learners as a communication tool so it would only be useful in a literacy program if it capitalizes on this desire of the learners and/or teaches students how to use it in their own lives. It is only meaningful in education if it connects people to their existing network
question of ethics: should this be exploited for educational purposes in a program?
high school students of low income families, especially those from immigrant families, reported using MySpace to stay connected with existing networks of family and friends- both local and distant. (see discussion page)	Greenhow and Robelia, 2009 pg 129
"One teacher talks about starting every term with the goal of building a community that creates the trust needed to learn. (110)" T"his is done by using material from their lives and then encouraging the students to see themselves as holders of vital knowledge. (110).	Siegel 2007 pg 100
The instructor can set the tone for interaction by sharing with students stories from their lives. This communicates to the students that the teacher is" willing to risk in the learning process"(101).	Siegel 2007 pg 101
One of the strategies used by a instructor of GED students was to incorporate current events with the lives and experiences of learners in the lesson.	Siegel 2007 pg 101
Google websites are good for interaction, community, and communication as it allows the sharing of "multiple sources of information such as documents (google docs), videos (youtube) news (google news), mail (gmail) to name a few" (3556). "With such a rich variety of options, owners of a Google site have the ability to engage their members regardless of expertise in a variety of fields"(3556).	Mendoza (no year listed pg 3556
FB is set to automatically go to the news feed which " provides the FB user an opportunity to look at the latest information pertaining to his or her friends.(3557)"	Mendoza (no year listed) pg 3557
"friends" in real life are not the same as "Friends". friends provide an audience that guide behavioral norms within a SNS.* I would also point out that this also provides audience interns of developing writing skills.	boyd 2006 we need to pull this one
SNS are used primarily to support pre- existing relationships.	elision et al 2007
Undergraduate students used FB to maintain or extend existing (offline) relationships much more than to develop new relationships. (Study done before FB was open to anybody. you had to have a school email address in order to get an account so the users were already grouped into geographical groups)	Ellison, et. al (2007)
In a study of YouTube users, this study found that the users of the SNS features of youTube tended to use them to make new contatcts- 'friend' other like-minded video makers. (I have to check this for the details, avm). I seem to recall that not everyone used those features. Those who wanted to share videos with friends and families found ways to do so without them all having to have accounts. Since YouTube is primarily a content-sharing site, maybe the patterns of behaviour in it are different from other SNS like FB.	Lange, 2008
For individuals on the periphery of a community, FB offers the opportunity to seek out and interact with experts in a specific field. Imagine having the ability to friend one individual who may be able to provide you with an introduction and friendship to more individuals through association(3559)".	Mendoza (no year listed) pg 3558
"The internet has transformed popular culture by providing a virtual forum in which different communities and groups can produce a "presence" that might have been denied to them in the real world"(492).	Mitra 2004 pg 492
"This presence can be obtained in cyberspace by appropriate use of one's voice to articulate the specific narratives and discourses about one's group or subculture"(492).	Mitra 2004 pg 492
"Silencing of voices is one of the primary consequences of forced and oppressed invisibility in the real-life public sphere"(492).	Mitra 2004 pg 492
"New digital technologies are transforming the sense of "silence by offering opportunities for traditionally invisible groups such as the women of South Asia, to find a new discursive space where they can voice themselves and thus became visible and make their presence felt"(423).	Mitra 2004 pg 492-493
..."voice has been conceptualized as acquiring agency by which the speaker can take on the position of the speaking agent to produce a specific voice for him-or himself. Watts (2001) has made the argument that to have a voice an agent must find a space where the voice can be concretized" (423).	Mitra 2004 pg 493
Voice requires space - space denied by marginalizing forces - new spaces needed - Internet as new space - process a representation of voice - text - issues of trustworthiness - Authenticity (Donna's notes from pg 492 Mitra article
"The issue of trust thus remains a slippery yet important aspect of the presence of marginalized groups in cyperspace" (495).	Mitra 2004 pg 495
"The tension between what is trustworthy and what appears to be trustworthy needs to be resolved by the audience" (495).	Mitra 2004 pg 495
"In the end the way in which this tension is resolved could have a significant impact on the consequences of the presence of marginalized groups in cyperspace. In thinking of themselves in cyperspace any marginalized group therefore needs to consider how they must create a trustworthy presence in the space they occupy in the virtual. Eventually trustworthy voices speaking in a responsible way can become a significant social and cultural force with which to contend" (495).	Mitra 2004 pg 495
"It can be argued that a voice would be considered authentic when the speaker(s) can claim to have an experience that offers them the background to speak about an issue" ((495).	Mitra 2004 pg 495
"Authenticity is thus related to the specific social, political, and cultural history that a speaker may have that offers the speaker a claim to being "authentic," not necessarily credible, about what the speaker has to say"( 495).	Mitra 2004 pg 495
"In cyperspace, where many voices contend to be heard, some can claim to have a greater legitimacy to speak about something because of their unique history and background" (495)	Mitra 2004 pg 495
Mitra states, "I argue that the reader of the Internet text needs to be considered as an active reader whose decoding practices could be understood from the perspective offered by Hall's (1980) argument that the readers actively decode messages in dominant, negotiated and oppositional ways. Indeed, in media scholarship the position of the reader has attracted signficant attention, and it has been argued that "active" readers make signficant attempts to "read" and "interpret" texts based on their own histories and their perceptions of the author's history (see, e.g., Dahlgreen, 1985; Fiske 1987). In the case of the internet, the reader takes on a particularly active role because the reader can become the author very easily"(495).	Mitra 2004 pg 495
"Within such a discursive arena, the interaction between the reader and the author opens up questions about the way in which the perceived trust and authenticity of the speaker implicates the power attributed to the speaker by the reader"(495).	Mitra 2004 pg 495
"In the discursive space of the Internet, the power of a voice is not necessarily dependent of the traditional determinants of power; such as economic wealth, military prowess, or industrial development, although having all those powers is certainly not a disadvantage"(496).	Mitra 2004 pg 496
"At the same time, anyone with moderate technological savvy and minimal financial capital now can have a voice and speak for him- or herself in cyberspace. It is no longer the case that any particular subculture needs to remain silenced, or merely spoken for; now they can speak for themselves. In contrast to the traditional fountainheads of power, for the Internet, the power of a voice needs to be related to stylistic issues about the way in which the user of the Internet chooses to speak in cyberspace"(496).	Mitra 2004 pg 496
"The issue here is not unlike the argument made by Poster (1990), who suggested that electronic communications offers a new "mode of information: exchange in which the medium allows one to simultaneously speak within or outside of the structures of power, Indeed, the power of a voice is often implicated by the ability to mobilize the various representional strategies the "bells and "whistles" of technology-available to the speaker"(496)	Mitra 2004 pg 496
"What emerges is a veritable paradox of power because the traditionally powerful, based on their conventional sources of power (financial, political, etc.), are competing against those who have been conventionally power-less but have begun to gain a sense of discursive power because they can now find a speaking space of the internet"(496).	Mitra 2004 pg 496
"In this analysis the notions of voice-trust-authenticity-power agency are explored through the specific example of a website that relates to issues important to women of South Asia. It is important to note that the focus here is not necessarily on the particular website, or the subculture it wants to represent, but how that website helps to illustrate and support the claims about trust, authenticity, power, and discursive strategies being made here"(496).	Mitra 2004 pg 496
"...the transformation of the voices from the realm of the "real" to the "mediated," where the speaking power is now negotiated through a state-controlled organization such as the Indian television system. It is no longer the case that the women's organizations are out in the "trenches" working with the marginalized but are now in the process of creating a mediated text that would represent the material existence of the marginalized.	Mitra 2004 pg 496
"This is significant change and brings with it the baggage of shifting relations of power. As suggested by Fiske and Harley (1978), the very process of migrating to the media can result in a co-opting of voices within the mainstream and dominant forces disempowered the marginal and oppositional voice by claiming it within the mainstream"(498).	Mitra 2004 pg 498
"However, now it is possible to argue that the Internet can begin to modify the direction and modality of the struggles precisely because the voice on the Internet can take on characteristics that neither the real nor the mediated voices could. The crux of this claim lies in the fact that the Internet provides a "low cost/high reward" environment for voicing oneself. For marginalized groups, gaining access to a space that exists in the virtual with implications in the real could have farreaching social and political consequences (see,e.g., Mitra, 2001; Mitra & Watts,2003) This is primarily because the Internet offers the opportunity for those who traditionally have had limited speaking capital now to harness the new technologies to produce and circulate a discourse that is their own and not modulated and refracted by the dominant who have always controlled the voices of the powerless"(498).	Mitra 2004 pg 498
"Eventually, by being able to control the determinate moment of "voicing by acquiring new speaking capitals, it could be possible to transcent that power to other regimes such as those of the political, cultural and economic"(497).	Mitra 2004 pg 497
"In thinking of the importance of considering the idea of voice on the Internet, Mitra (2001) claimed that having the ability to speak is often more important than considering whether the voice is heard. The open-ended potential of technology offers the opportunity to many who simply could not speak before to now have a voice. Bakhtin (1981) made the distinction between the authoritative discourse that belongs to the dominant and the internally persuasive discourse that allows the powerless to challenge the authoritative discourse. In the case of the internet, it is this discourse of the powerless that now gains the ability to speak. Miller (1995) made a similar argument using the work of Goffman (1981), suggesting that having a Web presence can itself be a liberating experience. This is partly attributed to the fact that there is little fear of rebuff in some regimes of cyberspace such as websites.5	Mitra 2004 pg 501-502
"Indeed this argument underscores the importance of presenting a voice without necessarily looking for a response or focusing on whether the voice is eventually heard. In traditional forms of communication, the need for response has always been critical, but on the Internet, where person voices operate with the public sphere, it is possible to get beyond the desire of being "heard"and focus on being "able to speak."	Mitra 2004 pg 502
"The voices on the website are more interested in the determinate moment of speaking. Indeed, by going against the grain of the emerging insistence on keeping track of visitors and numbers of visits, this page plays up the importance of gaining the ability to speak. 6 To be sure what is important is whether a safe space exists for the many voices to uttered.7	Mitra 2004 pg 502
"Social network services (SNSs) are attracting many uses of June 2011. For example, MySpace and facebook collectively have more than 2 billion monthly visitors (Kazeniac, 2009)(pg. 1101).	Ji, Hwangbo, Soo Yi, Rau, Fang, and Ling pg 1101
"Recently, SNSs have grown rapidly in terms of the number of users as Twitter-like microblogging services emerge"(p 1101) (Kazeniac, 2009)	Ji, Hwangbo, Soo Yi, Rau, Fang, and Ling pg 1101
"At the same time, SNSs have been diversified in form and function, and the leading services in each nation or cultural segment are found to be different (Boyd & Ellison, 2007; Fragoso, 2006) (p. 1101)	Ji, Hwangbo, Soo Yi, Rau, Fang, and Ling pg 1101
The boundaries between public and private communication are blurring (Boyd, 2006), and the transparent interaction that is available online raises concerns about privacy (Karahasanovic, Brandzaeg, Vantattenhoven, et al., 2009; Livingstone, 2008)" (p.1007).	Brandtzaeg, Lunders, and Skjetne 2011
"Exploring the conflict between the two foundational aspects of SNSs (privacy needs and the need for sociability and content sharing) remains a difficult task"( p. 1007).	Brandtzaeg, Lunders, and Skjetne 2011
"It would seem that if privacy is protected, then sociability and content sharing will be compromise, whereas if sociability and content sharing are promoted, then privacy will suffer" (p. 1007).	Brandtzaeg, Lunders, and Skjetne 2011
"Attempts to encourage sociability on SNSs, such as Facebook, have resulted in increased social utility and a growing social diversity of the user population, which helps users to be readily available and visible to lots of people" (p.1007).	Brandtzaeg, Lunders, and Skjetne 2011
"Facebook is increasingly an "all friends in one-place solution"( p. 1007).	Brandtzaeg, Lunders, and Skjetne 2011
communication between social network members result in reduced stress and increased emotional support social actors are connected to each other SN as maps of interconnections among socially related people size of a social network is expected to be about 125% while only about 4 can be considered to be a source of real help during hard times	acar 2008
those with more education/resources can choose to participate or not in technology (luddites by choice). this is not the case for our learners who are "left behind" if they don't participate (see p2 "incorporating a wide range of ..."	bigge 2006
exploratory study of undergraduate college students in US looking at size of online social networks and time spent on SNS and a variety of traits Online social networks were significantly larger (217) than what Hill and Dunbar (2003) had found to be the average size of real life social networks (125) found extroverted people have larger online social networks and spend more time on SNS than introverted people. However, once size was controlled for, there was no difference in the time spent on the site. Those with higher self esteem are less likely to have strangers in their network than those with lower self-esteem Women have larger networks and spend more time in SNS than men found no relationship between size of social network and body image, self esteem, or anxiety. These results remind me that just as we can't talk about all SNS as being the same, we also have to consider individual differences in the use of these sites. This should also be taken into account if these sites are being used for learning purposes.	Acar, 2008